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Lippes Loop is a non-medicated Intra Uterine Device (IUD), Multiload 375 is copper releasing IUD and LNG-20 is the hormone releasing IUD. Progestogens are used by females as implants under the skin.

(4)

Vaults are barrier method of contraception. These are made of rubber that are inserted into the female reproductive tract to cover the cervix during coitus. They prevent conception by blocking the entry of sperms through the cervix. Periodic abstinence or rhythm method, coitus interruptus or withdrawal method and lactational amenorrhea are natural method of contraception which work on the principle of avoiding the meeting of ovum and sperms.

(3)

(4)

Vasectomy → Surgical method
Coitus interruptus → Natural method
Cervical caps → Barrier method
Saheli → Oral method

(3)

(2)

(3)

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LNG-20 is an example of hormone releasing IUD which makes the uterus unsuitable for implantation and the cervix hostile to the sperms.

(2)

Lactational amenorrhea method is based on the fact that ovulation and therefore the menstrual cycle do not occur during the period of intense lactation following parturition. This is because breast feeding disrupts the pattern of pulsatile release of GnRH from hypothalamus and hence reduction in gonadotropin releasing hormones. Pills are hormonal preparations (either progestogen or progestogen-estrogen combinations) in the form of tablets which are administrated orally by females. They inhibit ovulation, implantation as well as alter the quality of cervical mucus. Emergency contraceptives are pills that contain levonorgestrel, a type of progestin that helps to prevent pregnancy when taken in few days after sex.

(4)

Lippes Loop is non-medicated Intra Uterine Device (IUD) while Multiload 375 is copper releasing IUD. Vault is a barrier method of birth control. It is a hemispheric dome-like rubber or plastic cap with thick rim meant for fitting over the vaginal cervix.

(3)

(1)

‘Saheli’ is a mini pill that contains a non-steroidal preparation called centchroman which is taken once in a week after an initial intake of twice a week dose for 3 months. It blocks estrogen receptors in the uterus hence alters uterine lining and prevents fertilised egg from being implanted.

(4)

Copper releasing IUDs (i.e., CuT, LNG-20) are placed in the uterus of the females. They are efficient birth control methods. Copper ions released by them suppress motility and fertilising capacity of the sperms.

(1)

LNG-20 is the hormone releasing IUD, Multiload 375 and Cu7 are copper releasing IUDs and Lippes Loop is a non-medicated IUD.

(2)

Vasectomy is a surgical contraception method performed in males. In vasectomy, a small part of the vas deferens is removed or tied up through a small cut on the scrotum. This prevents sperm transport. Vasectomy has a poor reversibility. There is no effect on libido and erectile functioning. Seminal vesicles are one pair of sac like structures which join vasa deferentia to form ejaculatory duct. They secrete seminal fluid which contains fructose, prostaglandins and clotting protein, but no sperms. In a male who has undergone vasectomy, the ejaculatory duct will receive seminal fluid but due to cut in vasa deferentia sperms will not be transported from epididymis hence the semen will lack sperms.

(2)

Vasectomy is a sterilisation technique for the males in which a small part of the vas deferens is removed or tied up through a small cut on the scrotum to prevent passage of sperms. Spermatogenesis is the series of cell division in the testis that results in the production of spermatozoa or sperms.

(1)

Sterilisation provides a permanent and sure birth control. In females, it is called tubectomy. Tubectomy involves the blocking of the fallopian tubes. A small part of the fallopian tube is removed or tied up through a small incision in the abdomen or through vagina.

(2)

At present the most widely accepted method of contraception in India is IUDs. Intra uterine devices (IUDs) are plastic or metal objects which are inserted by doctors in the uterus through vagina. These are available as non-medicated IUDs (i.e., Lippes Loop), copper releasing IUDs (CuT, Cu7, Multiload 375) and hormone releasing IUDs (progestasert, LNG-20). Vault cap is hemispheric dome like rubber or plastic cap with a thick rim which is meant for fitting over the vaginal vault over the cervix. Cervical cap is a reusable rubber cup that fits tightly over the cervix.