(4)

(1)

Parathyroid hormone along with TCT plays a significant role in calcium balance in the body.

(2)

Goitre is caused due to deficiency of iodine in diet because iodine is needed for the synthesis of thyroid hormone. Hypothyroidism leads to goitre. Adrenal cortex of adrenal gland secretes glucocorticoids which regulates carbohydrate metabolism. The secretion of parathyroid hormone (PTH) is regulated by the circulating levels of calcium ions.

(1)

(2)

Parathyroid hormone (PTH) increases ${\mathrm{Ca}}^{2+}$ levels in the blood. It increases ${\mathrm{Ca}}^{2+}$ absorption from digested food. Thyroid hormones control metabolism of carbohydrates.

(3)

Diabetes mellitus is associated with formation of harmful compounds known as ketone bodies, i.e., ketonuria and loss of glucose through urine, i.e., glycosuria.

(3)

(1)

Glucocorticoids also stimulate gluconeogenesis, lipolysis and proteolysis; and inhibit cellular uptake and utilisation of amino acids. Insulin acts on hepatocytes and adipocytes. Glucagon is associated with hyperglycemia while insulin is associated with hypoglycemia.

(4)

(3)

Estrogen plays a central role in control of bone strength. In a healthy individual, bone mass is maintained by balanced activity of bone forming osteoblasts and bone resorbing osteoclasts. Both these cell types are reported to respond to estrogen. Estrogen promotes the activity of osteoblast and induces osteoclast apoptosis. After menopause the level of this hormone declines. Hence, in an ageing female osteoporosis occurs. Parathormone promotes mobilisation of calcium from bone into blood. Excessive activity of parathormone causes demineralisation of bone leading to osteoporosis.

(1)

Gonadotropin releasing hormone (GnRH) is secreted by the hypothalamus which stimulates the anterior lobe of pituitary gland to secrete luteinising hormone (LH) and Follicle Stimulating Hormone (FSH).

(1)

Epiphyseal plate is a hyaline cartilage plate in the metaphysis at each end of long bone. It is part of long bone where new bone growth takes place. In adults, elevated levels of GH results in acromegaly where no increase in height occurs because of ossified epiphyseal plate.

(2)

Corpus luteum is a temporary endocrine gland in human females. It secretes progesterone which stimulates the uterine glands to produce increased amount of watery mucus and is also essential for maintenance of endothelium. In absence of fertilisation, corpus luteum disintegrate leading to menstruation.

(2)

Exophthalmic goitre or Graves' disease is a thyroid enlargement (goitre) in which the thyroid secretes excessive amount of thyroid hormone. It is characterised by exophthalmia (protrusion of eye balls because of fluid accumulation behind them), loss of weight, slightly rise in the body temperature, excitability, rapid heart beat, nervousness and restlessness.

(1)

Insulin is a peptide hormone, secreted by the $\mathrm{\beta }$ cells of the islets of Langerhans in the pancreas, that promotes the uptake of glucose by body cells, particularly in the liver (hepatocytes) and muscles (adipocytes) and thereby controls its concentration in the blood.

(2)

Posterior lobe of pituitary gland does not secrete any hormone. Its hormones are synthesised by the hypothalamus. It only stores and releases these hormones. Hence, it cannot be considered as true gland.

(2)

Relaxin hormone is secreted by ovary and placenta during pregnancy, which relaxes ligaments in pelvis and softens and widens cervix during childbirth. Inhibin secreted by granulosa cells in the ovaries inhibits secretion of FSH by anterior pituitary. Thus, relaxin and inhibin have different functions and are not antagonistic.

(4)

Aldosterone (salt-retaining hormone) is the principal mineralocorticoid in humans, secreted by adrenal cortex. Its main function is to regulate sodium content of the body.

(3)

Two hormones viz oxytocin (OT) and antidiuretic hormone (ADH) are synthesised in the hypothalamus, but stored and released by the posterior lobe of pituitary gland.

(3)

Hormones epinephrine and norepinephrine are secreted from adrenal medulla. They are emergency hormones released in condition of stress, emergency, etc. Epinephrine and norepinephrine are also released by adrenergic nerve fibres of sympathetic nervous system where they act as neurotransmitters.

(2)

Adrenal medulla secretes two hormones called adrenaline or epinephrine and noradrenaline or norepinephrine (also called emergency hormones).

Both the hormones -

•  Cause pupillary dilation (not constriction)

•  Stimulate breakdown of glycogen resulting in increased concentration of glucose in blood i.e., cause hyperglycemia.

•  Cause piloerection (raising of hair).

•  Increase strength of heart contraction i.e., heartbeat.

(2)

Insulin can’t be administered orally to diabetic patients as being the proteinaceous molecule, it will be digested in gastro-intestinal tract.

(2)

Neurohypophysis i.e., posterior pituitary (Pars nervosa) stores and releases two hormones called oxytocin and vasopressin (Also called ADH i.e., antidiuretic hormone) which are actually synthesised by hypothalamus and are transported axonally to neurohypophysis. The pars distalis (anterior pituitary) produces follicle stimulating hormone (FSH), adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) and luteinizing hormone (LH).

(1)

The correct answer is [A-IV, B-II, C-I, D-III]

•   Progesterone – A steroidal hormone which is secreted by the corpus luteum

•   Relaxin – A proteinaceous hormone which is secreted by the ovaries in the later stage of pregnancy

•   Melanocyte stimulating hormone – A proteinaceous hormone released by the pars intermedia

•   Catecholamines – An amino-acid derived hormone released from the adrenal medulla during emergency conditions