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Solution


Q.

Which of the following factors is responsible for the formation of concentrated urine              [2019]
1 Hydrostatic pressure during glomerular filtration.  
2 Low levels of antidiuretic hormone.  
3 Maintaining hyperosmolarity towards the medullary interstitium in the kidneys.  
4 Secretion of erythropoietin by Juxtaglomerular complex.  

Ans.

(3)

The counter current mechanism helps to maintain a concentration gradient in the medullary interstitium. The proximity between the Henle’s loop and vasa recta, as well as the counter current in them, help in maintaining an increasing osmolarity towards the inner medullary interstitium, i.e., from 300 mOsmolL-1 in the cortex to about 1200 mOsmolL-1 in the inner medulla. This gradient is mainly caused by NaCl and urea. Presence of such interstitial gradient helps in an easy passage of water from the collecting tubule thereby concentrating the filtrate (urine).