Q.

In the equation, GPP – R = NPP
R represents                                                   [2021]

1 respiration losses  
2 radiant energy  
3 retardation factor  
4 environment factor  

Ans.

(1)

A considerable amount of GPP is utilised by plants in respiration (R). The energy left after respiration and stored as organic matter in the producers per unit time and area is NPP.
NPP = GPP - R