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Control and Co-ordination is the process by which the body regulates and integrates various activities to respond effectively to internal and external stimuli. In humans, this function is performed by the nervous system and endocrine system.

This chapter is highly important for NEET and Class 12 Board Exams.

Nervous System

The nervous system controls and coordinates body activities through electrical signals called nerve impulses.

Components of the Nervous System

  • Central Nervous System (CNS)
  • Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)
  • Autonomic Nervous System (ANS)

The brain and spinal cord form the central nervous system.

Neurons

Neurons are the structural and functional units of the nervous system. They transmit nerve impulses throughout the body.

Functions of Neurons

  • Receive stimuli
  • Conduct nerve impulses
  • Coordinate body responses

Reflex Action

A reflex action is a quick and automatic response to a stimulus without conscious control.

Examples:

  • Withdrawal of hand from a hot object
  • Blinking of eyes
Control and Co-ordination
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Endocrine System

The endocrine system consists of glands that secrete hormones directly into the bloodstream.

Major Endocrine Glands

  • Pituitary Gland
  • Thyroid Gland
  • Adrenal Gland
  • Pancreas
  • Gonads

These glands regulate growth, metabolism, reproduction, and other body functions.

Hormones

Hormones are chemical messengers that help coordinate activities between different organs and tissues.

Importance of Control and Co-ordination

  • Maintains body balance and homeostasis.
  • Regulates growth and development.
  • Coordinates responses to stimuli.
  • Controls metabolism and reproduction.
  • Ensures proper functioning of organs.

Importance for NEET

Control and Co-ordination is a high-scoring chapter in Biology. Questions are frequently asked on neurons, nervous system divisions, reflex action, endocrine glands, hormones, and neural coordination.

Key Topics Covered

  • Control and Co-ordination
  • Nervous System
  • Neurons
  • Brain and Spinal Cord
  • Reflex Action
  • Endocrine System
  • Hormones
  • Pituitary Gland
  • Thyroid Gland
  • Adrenal Gland
  • Neural Coordination
  • Homeostasis
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