Class 10 Social Science –Development (Economics: Chapter 1) Summary + MCQs + Q&A

CHAPTER SUMMARY - DEVELOPMENT

1. What Development Means

Development means progress or improvement in life. People have different goals because their life situations differ.

• Some want more income, jobs, better wages.

• Others want respect, equality, security, freedom.

• Development for one group may be harmful for another (e.g., big dams vs. displaced tribals).

   

2. Income and Other Goals

Most people do seek more income, but non-material things like dignity, security, freedom are equally important.
Examples:

• A secure job with less income is preferred over a risky job with high income.

• Women’s respect and safety are essential for real development.
   

3. National Development

Different people have different ideas of national development.
A good development plan must:

• Be just and fair

• Benefit majority

• Not harm weaker sections
   

4. How to Compare Countries?

World Bank uses Per Capita Income as the main criterion.

• Countries above US$ 63,400 → Rich

• Below US$ 2400 → Low-income
  India = Low-middle income (US$ 10030)
  But average income hides inequalities.
  (Example table on page 9 shows equal average income but unequal distribution.)
   

5. Income & Other Criteria

Per capita income alone is not enough.
Other important indicators:

• Infant Mortality Rate

• Literacy Rate

• Net Attendance Ratio
  Example:
  Kerala performs better than Haryana in education & health despite lower income.

6. Public Facilities

Development requires collective provision:

• Schools

• Hospitals

• Roads

• Safe drinking water

• Clean environment
  These cannot be provided individually.
   

7. Human Development Report (UNDP)

UNDP uses:

• Education

• Health (Life Expectancy)

• Per Capita Income
  This gives HDI rankings.
  Sri Lanka ranks much better than India.

8. Sustainability of Development

Current development patterns may harm future generations.
Examples from textbook:

• Groundwater overuse (300 districts show 4m decline)

• Crude oil reserves will last ~50 years globally
   

MCQs — DEVELOPMENT

1. Development of a country can be measured through:
   a) Per capita income
   b) Literacy rate
   c) Health status
   d) All of the above
   Ans: d

    

2. Per capita income =
   a) Total income × population
   b) Total income ÷ population
   c) Income of richest 10%
   d) Monthly expenditure
   Ans: b

    

3. Which state has highest literacy in Table 1.4?
   a) Haryana
   b) Kerala
   c) Bihar
   d) Punjab
   Ans: b

    

4. Which neighbouring country ranks highest in HDI?
   a) Pakistan
   b) Nepal
   c) Sri Lanka
   d) Myanmar
   Ans: c

    

5. Which resource is non-renewable?
   a) Groundwater
   b) Forests
   c) Crude oil
   d) Solar energy
   Ans: c

    

ASSERTION–REASON (A–R)

Q1

A: People have conflicting development goals.
R: Different groups have different life situations.
Ans: A and R both true; R explains A

Q2

A: Average income hides inequalities.
R: It distributes total income equally across all persons.
Ans: A true, R false

Q3

A: Kerala performs better in health indicators than Haryana.
R: Kerala provides better public facilities.
Ans: A and R true; R explains A

Q4

A: Sustainable development protects future generations.
R: Overuse of resources leads to depletion.
Ans: A and R true; R explains A

CASE-BASED QUESTIONS

CASE 1 — Toxic Waste Dump 

A multinational company dumped toxic waste in Ivory Coast…

Q1. Who benefited?
→ The foreign company (cheap disposal).

Q2. Who suffered?
→ Local residents (health issues, death).

Q3. What developmental goal is needed?
→ Safe environment & strict environmental regulation.

CASE 2 — Comparing States 

Kerala has lower infant mortality & higher literacy vs. Haryana.

Q1. Why is Kerala better despite lower income?
→ Better public health & education facilities.

Q2. What does it show?
→ Income alone is not enough to measure development.

CASE 3 — Groundwater Overuse 

300 districts show 4m decline in groundwater.

Q1. Why overuse?
→ Over-irrigation, tube wells, cash crops.

Q2. Can development continue like this?
→ No, it is unsustainable.

SHORT ANSWERS (3 MARKS)

Q1. Why do people have different development goals?

• Different life situations and needs

• What benefits one may harm another

• Priorities vary (income, security, equality, dignity)

   

Q2. Why is per capita income not sufficient?

• Hides income inequalities

• Does not include health, education

• Ignores quality of life

   

Q3. What is Human Development Report?

• Published by UNDP

• Uses income, health & education indicators

• Ranks countries using HDI

   

LONG ANSWERS (5–6 MARKS)

1. Explain different types of development goals.

Different people have different development goals because their needs, situations and aspirations differ. A landless labourer wants more days of work and higher wages, while a prosperous farmer wants high crop prices and cheap labour. Women often seek dignity, freedom and safety, which may matter more than income. A girl may want equal opportunities as her brother, creating conflicting goals within the same family. Similarly, while industrialists want big dams for electricity, displaced communities want security and protection of their homes. Thus, development is multi-dimensional: it includes material goals (income, jobs), social goals (equality, respect), and non-material goals (freedom, security). These goals vary widely across individuals and groups.

2. Compare Kerala and Haryana using the indicators in Table 1.3 & 1.4.

Though Haryana has the highest per capita income among the three states, Kerala performs much better in health and education indicators. Kerala’s Infant Mortality Rate is only 6 per 1000 births, while Haryana’s is 28. Kerala’s literacy rate is 94%, compared to Haryana’s 82%. Net attendance ratio is also significantly higher in Kerala. This proves that income alone cannot measure development. Kerala’s better human development is due to strong public facilities like schools, healthcare, and social welfare, which improve overall quality of life.

3. What is sustainable development? Why is it important?

Sustainable development means using resources in a way that meets present needs without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs. Groundwater depletion in 300 Indian districts and crude oil reserves lasting only 50 years show the danger of overuse. Environmental degradation affects everyone and does not respect boundaries. If current patterns continue, future generations will face scarcity, high costs, and ecological damage. Therefore, development must include conservation, renewable resources, pollution control, and careful use of natural assets.


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