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UP Board Class 12 Biology in Hindi Medium – Principles of Inheritance and Variation

The chapter “Principles of Inheritance and Variation” is one of the most important topics in UP Board Class 12 Biology, especially for Hindi medium students. It introduces the fundamental laws of genetics that explain how traits are passed from one generation to the next. This chapter helps students understand the scientific basis of heredity and the reasons behind variations seen in living organisms.

Principles of Inheritance and Variation
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Students learn about Gregor Mendel’s experiments, including monohybrid and dihybrid crosses, dominant and recessive traits, and Mendel’s three laws of inheritance—Law of Dominance, Law of Segregation, and Law of Independent Assortment. The chapter also covers concepts such as incomplete dominance, codominance, multiple alleles, blood groups, sex determination, and gene interaction.

Additionally, the chapter explains chromosomal theory of inheritance, genetic disorders, and reasons for variation within a population. With simple explanations and examples, this chapter builds a strong foundation for board exams and competitive exams like NEET.