–$\mathrm{I}$ inductive effect

electromeric effect

hyperconjugation

mesomeric effect

[IMAGE 65]

[IMAGE 66]

[IMAGE 67]

[IMAGE 68]

Statement I is true but Statement II is false.

Statement I is false but Statement II is true.

Both Statement I and Statement II are true.

Both Statement I and Statement II are false.

–$\mathrm{I}$ effect of –${\mathrm{CH}}_3$ groups

+R effect of –${\mathrm{CH}}_3$ groups

–R effect of –${\mathrm{CH}}_3$ groups

Hyperconjugation

${\left({\mathrm{CH}}_3\right)}_3\mathrm{C}-\stackrel{+}{\mathrm{C}}\mathrm{H}-{\mathrm{CH}}_3$

${\mathrm{CH}}_3-{\mathrm{CH}}_2-\stackrel{+}{\mathrm{C}}\mathrm{H}-{\mathrm{CH}}_2-{\mathrm{CH}}_3$

${\mathrm{CH}}_3-\stackrel{+}{\mathrm{C}}\mathrm{H}-{\mathrm{CH}}_2-{\mathrm{CH}}_2-{\mathrm{CH}}_3$

${\mathrm{CH}}_3-{\mathrm{CH}}_2-\stackrel{+}{\mathrm{C}}{\mathrm{H}}_2$

[IMAGE 70]

[IMAGE 71]

[IMAGE 72]

[IMAGE 73]

electrophile is a negatively charged species and can form a bond by accepting a pair of electrons from another electrophile

electrophiles are generally neutral species and can form a bond by accepting a pair of electrons from a nucleophile

electrophile can be either neutral or positively charged species and can form a bond by accepting a pair of electrons from a nucleophile

electrophile is a negatively charged species and can form a bond by accepting a pair of electrons from a nucleophile.

Ammonia is a nucleophile.

Nucleophiles attack low ${\mathrm{e}}^{-}$ density sites.

Nucleophiles are not electron seeking.

Nucleophile is a Lewis acid.

Cyclopentanonyl radical

Cyclopentanonyl biradical

Cyclopentanonyl anion

Cyclopentanonyl cation

[IMAGE 76]

[IMAGE 77]

[IMAGE 78]

[IMAGE 79]