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Topic Question Set

Q 1 :

What is the disadvantage of parthenogenesis?

  • Wastage of germplasm

     

  • Retention of genotype

     

  • Lack of adaptability

     

  • Variety in population

     

(3)

Since there is no fertilisation of gametes in parthenogenesis, there will be no crossing over of genes. This hence causes no variations in the generations. Which makes it difficult for the offspring to adapt to the changing environmental conditions.

 

Q 2 :

Variation patterns are studied in the offspring of sexually and asexually reproducing organisms.
State your observation:

  • More variations are observed in the offspring of sexually reproducing organisms.

     

  • More variations are observed in the offspring of asexually reproducing organisms.

     

  • No difference in variation is observed in offspring of sexually and asexually reproducing organisms.

     

  • Cannot be determined.

     

(1)

There is always a possibility of diversity of characters in the offsprings of sexually reproducing organism because the offspring is formed as a result of fusion of two gametes produced by two different individuals: the male and the female parents. So, there is an opportunity for new combinations of characters.

 

Q 3 :

Characters transmitted from parents to offspring are present in:

  • cytoplasm

     

  • ribosome

     

  • golgi bodies

     

  • genes

     

(4)

Characters are transmitted from parents to offspring through genes. Genes are the heredity units of the body in living organisms. Chromosomes in the nucleus of a cell contain information for the inheritance of features from parents in the form of DNA (Deoxyribonucleic acid). This DNA contains genes.

 

Q 4 :

Characters that are transmitted from parents to offspring during reproduction show:

  • only similarities with parents.

     

  • only variations with parents.

     

  • both similarities and variations with parents.

     

  • neither similarities nor variations.

     

(3)

In sexual reproduction, the offspring are not identical to the parents or to one another. This is because the offspring receive some genes from mother and some from father.
Due to the mixing of genes on re-establishment of number of chromosome in various different combinations, the offspring show both similarities and variations with characters of parents.

 

Q 5 :

The number of chromosomes in parents and offspring of a particular species remains constant due to:

  • doubling of chromosomes after zygote formation.

     

  • halving of chromosomes during gamete formation.

     

  • doubling of chromosomes after gamete formation.

     

  • halving of chromosomes after gamete formation

     

(2)

The number of chromosomes in parents and offspring of a particular species remains constant due to halving of chromosomes during gamete formation. The gametes are special type of cells which contain only half the amount of DNA as compared to normal cells of an organism. So, when a male gamete combines with a female gamete during sexual reproduction, then the new cell 'zygote' will have normal amount of DNA.

Q 6 :

Reproduction is essential for living organisms to order to

  • keep the individual organism alive.

     

  • fulfill their energy requirement.

     

  • maintain growth.

     

  • continue the species generation after generation.

     

(4)

Reproduction is not essential for the survival of an individual, but it is an important function of a living being as it helps an organism to perpetuate its own kind.
Through this process, new individuals are produced, that grow and reproduce again, so as to continue the species generation after generation. Reproduction is a process to maintain the progeny of an organism.

 

Q 7 :

In the following figure different stages of binary fission in Amoeba are depicted, which are not in proper sequence.
 

 

The correct sequence is :

  • II, III, IV, I

     

  • I, II, IV, III

     

  • III, IV, II, I

     

  • I, III, IV, II

     

(1)

In Amoeba, binary fission is an asexual method of reproduction. (II) represents the parent cell, which replicates the genetic material as shown in (III). The cytoplasm divides after karyokinesis, resulting in two cells (IV). The two cells illustrated in (I) are the daughter cells that result from binary fission.

 

Q 8 :

The ability of a cell to divide into several cells during reproduction in Plasmodium is called:

  • Budding

     

  • Reduction division

     

  • Multiple fission

     

  • Binary fission

     

(3)

Plasmodium reproduces asexually after feeding on red blood cells, a process known as schizogony or multiple fission. Plasmodium divides into numerous cells during multiple fission.

 

Q 9 :

Which of the following two combinations are correct?
 

 

Multiple Fission Binary Fission
(a) 2 daughter cells are formed. Many daughter cells are formed.
(b) Both the nucleus and cytoplasm divide simultaneously. First, the nucleus divides and is surrounded by cytoplasm
(c) Divides repeatedly. Divides only once.
(d) Includes a definite pattern of division. Has no definite pattern of division.

 

  • a

     

  • b

     

  • c

     

  • d

     

(3)

Both binary fission and multiple fission are modes of asexual reproduction and occur with the presence of only one parent. In binary fission, the parent cell divides itself into two equal and identical daughter cells. It is the most common form of reproduction in prokaryotes such as bacteria. In multiple fission, a single parent cell is divided into many daughter cells. It is the most common form of reproduction in protists and in some parasitic species.

Q 10 :

In which of the following aspects does multiple fission differ from binary fission?
(i) Number of offsprings produced.
(ii) Level of genetic variation in offsprings.
(iii) Number of parents involved.
(iv) Multiple fission happens in Plasmodium whereas binary fission happens in Leishmania.

  • Only (i) is correct

     

  • Both (i) and (iv) are correct

     

  • (iii) is correct

     

  • (ii) is correct

     

(2)

Multiple fission produces many off-springs whereas binary fission produces only two. Off-springs produced through multiple fission as well as binary fission are genetically identical to each other and to their parents. Both multiple fission and binary fission require only one parent. Plasmodium, the protozoan that causes malaria reproduces through multiple fission. Leishmania causes Kala-azar and it reproduces through binary fission.

 

Q 11 :

Study the following diagram showing various stages of binary fission in Amoeba, the correct sequence of these diagrams should be:

  • I,IV, III, II, V

     

  • III, I, IV, II, V

     

  • I, II, IV, III, V

     

  • I, III, IV, II, V

     

(4)

Asexual reproduction is a process of reproducing the offspring through simple division of cells, this type of reproduction is observed in single cell organisms, it does not undergo fusion of gametes, therefore, the offspring produced by asexual reproduction are genetically identical. The asexual reproduction is further divided into; binary fission, budding, fragmentation, and sporogenesis.

The binary fission is an asexual reproduction observed in amoeba. After the replication process through mitotic division, the amoeba cell divides into two equal halves and these are considered as the daughter cells. In this process, the daughters cells thus produced through cell division are identical to each other.

The amoebas that are about to divide grow eventually larger, the nucleus gets extended and divides into two. The nuclear division is followed by the cytoplasmic division. Therefore, two amoebas are produced from a single amoeba.

 

Q 12 :

Which of the following statements about binary fission is true?

  • Some multicellular organisms also reproduce through binary fission.

     

  • Binary fission produces two new organisms.

     

  • Binary fission in Amoeba happens only in the vertical plane.

     

  • Binary fission in Leishmania can happen in any plane.

     

(2)

Only unicellular organisms reproduce through binary fission. In binary fission, a unicellular organism (a cell) divides to form two unicellular organisms (two cells). Binary fission in Amoeba can happen in any plane. Binary fission in Leishmania happens in a definite orientation (plane) to the body because Leishmania has somewhat organised structure.

Q 13 :

A feature of reproduction that is common to Amoeba, Yeast and Bacterium is that:

  • they are all multicellular

     

  • they are all unicellular

     

  • they reproduce only sexually

     

  • they reproduce asexually

     

(4)

Amoeba, Yeast and Bacterium are unicellular organisms and reproduce asexually.

Q 14 :

In the list of organisms given below, those that reproduce by the asexual method are:

(i) banana   (ii) dog   (iii) yeast   (iv) Amoeba

  • (ii) and (iv)

     

  • (i), (iii) and (iv)

     

  • (i) and (iv)

     

  • (ii), (iii) and (iv)

     

(2)

Asexual reproduction takes place without the process of gamete formation and only one parent is needed. Examples include Amoeba which reproduces by binary fission (division of cell into two similar cells).

Yeast reproduces by budding (small buds develop from body wall of parent that separate and grow further).

Banana reproduces by vegetative propagation (Vegetative parts of a plant such as root, stem, etc., can produce new plants).

In dog, sexual reproduction takes place (i.e., it involves two sexes — male and female whose gametes fuse constituting sexual reproduction).

Q 15 :

Offspring formed by asexual method of reproduction have greater similarity among themselves because:

(i) Asexual reproduction involves only one parent.
(ii) Asexual reproduction does not involve gametes.
(iii) Asexual reproduction occurs before sexual reproduction.
(iv) Asexual reproduction occurs after sexual reproduction

  • (i) and (ii)

     

  • (i) and (iii)

     

  • (ii) and (iv)

     

  • (iii) and (iv)

     

(1)

Offspring have greater similarity as only one parent is involved in asexual reproduction thus no gametes are formed. The basis of asexual reproduction is mitosis (division of a nucleus into two identical daughter nuclei). Each daughter nucleus has same genetic make up because of replication of parental DNA. The new offspring produced are called clones.

 

Q 16 :

A feature of reproduction that is common to Amoeba, Spirogyra and yeast is that:

  • they reproduce asexually.

     

  • they are all unicellular.

     

  • they reproduce only sexually.

     

  • they are all multicellular.

     

(1)

Amoeba and yeast are unicellular while Spirogyra is multicellular. But all the three reproduce asexually.

 

Q 17 :

In Spirogyra, asexual reproduction takes place by:

  • breaking up of filaments into smaller bits.

     

  • division of a cell into two cells.

     

  • division of a cell into many cells.

     

  • formation of young cells from older cells.

     

(1)

In Spirogyra, asexual reproduction takes place by fragmentation, i.e., the organism simply breaks up into smaller pieces upon maturation. Each piece grows into new individual without forming any gametes.

 

Q 18 :

Name the process shown in the above diagram of getting back a full organism from its body parts.

  • Regeneration

     

  • Budding

     

  • Fragmentation

     

  • Fission

     

(1)

The process of getting back a full organism from its body parts is called regeneration. The simple animals like Hydra and Planaria show regeneration. If the body of Planaria gets cut into a number of pieces, then each body piece can regenerate into a complete Planaria by growing all the missing parts. The regeneration of an organism from its cut body part occurs by the process of growth and development. The cells of cut body part divide rapidly to make a ball of cells. The cells then become specialised to form different types of tissues which again form various organs and body parts.

 

Q 19 :

What happens when a Planarian (plural - Planaria) is cut into many fragments?

  • All fragments regenerate into new organisms.

     

  • Only the head containing fragment regenerates into a new organism.

     

  • Nearly half of the fragments regenerate into new organisms.

     

  • No changes are seen in fragments. Planaria reproduce by budding.

     

(1)

Cells that cause regeneration are present all over the body of a Planarian. So, when a Planarian is cut into many fragments, all fragments regenerate into new organisms.

 

Q 20 :

Asexual reproduction takes place through budding in:

  • Amoeba

     

  • Yeast

     

  • Plasmodium

     

  • Leishmania

     

(2)

Both asexual and sexual reproduction are possible for yeast. Budding is the process through which yeast multiply asexually.

 

Q 21 :

Which of the following is a product of meiosis?

  • Microspore mother cell

     

  • Endosperm nucleus (primary)

     

  • Megaspore mother cell

     

  • Megaspore

     

(4)

Megaspore is a haploid cell that is formed when the megaspore mother cell undergoes meiosis. It is the initial cell giving rise to female gametophyte.

Q 22 :

To perform an experiment to identify the different parts of an embryo of a dicot seed, first of all you require a dicot seed. Select dicot seeds from the following group.

Wheat, Gram, Maize, Pea, Barley, Ground-nut

 

  • Wheat, Gram and Pea

     

  • Gram, Pea and Ground-nut

     

  • Maize, Pea and Barley

     

  • Gram, Maize and Ground-nut

     

(2)

Monocot and dicot plants are the two types of angiosperm plants. The seeds of dicot plants have two cotyledons. Ground-nut, gram, and pea are examples of dicot plants.

Q 23 :

On observing an embryo of a pea seed, a student listed its various parts as given below :

Micropyle, Cotyledon, Plumule, Testa, Radicle, Tegmen

On examining the list the teacher remarked that out of these only three parts belong to embryo. Select these three parts:

  • Testa, Radicle, Cotyledon

     

  • Tegmen, Radicle, Micropyle

     

  • Cotyledon, Plumule, Radicle

     

  • Cotyledon, Plumule, Testa

     

(3)

Pea is a dicot plant with testa, cotyledons, and embryonic axis in its seed. The cotyledon, plumule, and radicle make up the embryo. Cotyledons are fleshy spherical structures on the embryonic axis that carry reserve feeding resources. The radicle is found on the micropylar end of embryonic axis, while the plumule is found on the other end.

Q 24 :

The correct sequence of reproductive stages seen in flowering plants is

  • gametes, zygote, embryo, seedling

     

  • zygote, gametes, embryo, seedling

     

  • seedling, embryo, zygote, gametes

     

  • gametes, embryo, zygote, seedling

     

(1)

The male gamete present in the pollen grain and the female gamete egg in the embryo sac are formed by meiosis. The zygote is formed when the male and female gametes unite. The embryo is formed by multiple divisions of the zygote. In the seed, the embryo develops and matures. The seed germinates by absorbing water and grows into a new seedling.

 

Q 25 :

Length of pollen tube depends on the distance between:

  • pollen grain and upper surface of stigma.

     

  • pollen grain on upper surface of stigma and ovule.

     

  • pollen grain in anther and upper surface of stigma.

     

  • upper surface of stigma and lower part of style.

     

(2)

The length of pollen tube is determined by the distance between pollen grain on the upper surface of stigma and ovule. This is because pollen germinates and forms pollen tube that reaches up to ovule in ovary and releases male gamete to combine with female gamete.

 

Q 26 :

In which of the given figures, budding is not shown?

 

  • I

     

  • II

     

  • III

     

  • IV

     

(1)

Budding is a asexual reproduction process that involves the formation of a bud that is an outgrowth in the parent body and later breaks down to form a new organism. Due to repeated cell division the hydra forms an outgrowth in a particular site. This bud develops into a new individual and when it matures it detaches from the parent body and becomes a new independent individual. In the given image, the diagram I does not show any bud formation.

Q 27 :

Slides A and B were examined and interpreted by four students as a, b, c and d. Identify the correct option:

Slide A Slide B
(a) Binary fission in Amoeba Daughter cells of Amoeba
(b) Budding in yeast Buds of Yeast
(c) Binary fission in Amoeba Buds of Yeast
(d) Budding in yeast Daughter cells of Amoeba

 

  • a

     

  • b

     

  • c

     

  • d

     

(1)

The binary fission is an asexual reproduction observed in amoeba. After the replication process through mitotic division, the amoeba cell divides into two equal halves and these are considered as the daughter cells. In this process, the daughter cells thus produced through cell division are identical to each other as shown in the diagram.

Budding is also a mode of asexual reproduction process that involves the formation of a bud that is an outgrowth in the parent body that later breaks down to form new organisms and the diagrams do not show the bud formation.

 

Q 28 :

Which of the following options shows correct sequence of asexual reproduction in hydra?

  •  

  •  

  •  

  •  

(1)

In Hydra, a bud develops as an outgrowth due to repeated cell division at one specific site. These buds develop into tiny individuals and when fully mature, detach from the parent body and become new independent individuals.

 

Q 29 :

Which of the following statements is NOT true regarding asexual reproduction in plants?

  • Plants that reproduce asexually reach maturity faster than those who reproduce sexually.

     

  • Plants that reproduce asexually have greater genetic diversity than those who reproduce sexually.

     

  • Plants that reproduce asexually are more stable than those who reproduce sexually.

     

  • Plants that reproduce asexually create offspring that are identical to the parent plant.

     

(2)

Sexual reproduction provides genetic diversity because the sperm and egg that are produced contain different combinations of genes than the parent organisms. Asexual reproduction, on the other hand, does not need sperm and eggs since one organism splits into two organisms that have the same combination of genes.

 

Q 30 :

Vegetative propagation refers to formation of new plants from:

  • stem, roots and flowers

     

  • stem, roots and leaves

     

  • stem, flowers and fruits

     

  • stem, leaves and flowers

     

(2)

In vegetative propagation, vegetative parts of a plant such as root, stem, leaf, etc., can produce new plants. Vegetative reproduction is seen in plants like orchids, ornamental plants, grasses, banana, rose, jasmine, etc.