(1)

In angiosperms, microsporogenesis, i.e., formation of microspores (or pollen grains) occurs by the meiotic divisions of diploid microspore mother cells (or pollen mother cells). Microsporogenesis takes place in the anther. Megasporogenesis, i.e., formation of megaspores occurs by the meiotic divisions of diploid megaspore mother cells. Megasporogenesis takes place in the ovule.

(3)

The protoplast of the male gametophyte divides mitotically to produce two unequal cells — a small generative cell and a large vegetative cell. The generative cell divides later into two non-motile male gametes (or sperms). Thus, the male gametophyte in angiosperms produces two sperms and a vegetative cell. The vegetative cell, later on, grows to produce a pollen tube.

(4)

(3)

Geitonogamy involves transfer of the pollen from one flower of a plant to the stigma of another flower of the same plant, e.g., in maize. As the pollen has to move from one flower to another flower, it requires a pollinating agent. Yet it is genetically similar to autogamy, as both the flowers of the plant, share the same genotype of the plant.

(2)

Honey is made from nectar through a process of regurgitation and evaporation. Honeybees transform saccharides (carbohydrates) into honey by regurgitating it a number of times, until it is partially digested. The bees do the regurgitation and digestion as a group. After the last regurgitation, the aqueous solution is still high in water, the process continues by evaporation of much of the water and enzymatic transformation. Honey is produced by bees as a food source.

(3)

Ovule is an integumented megasporangium found in spermatophytes which develops into seed after fertilisation. An angiospermic ovule is typically an ovoid and whitish structure. It occurs inside ovary where it is attached to a parenchymatous cushion called placenta either singly or in a cluster. The ovule is stalked. The stalk is called funiculus or funicle. The point of attachment of the body of the ovule with the funiculus is known as hilum. It is present as a scar on a mature seed.

(4)

Style is traversed by the pollen tube to reach the ovule. It is of two types - hollow and solid. In hollow styles, the stylar canal is lined by glandular cells, which are usually multinucleate and polyploid whereas solid style has a core of transmitting tissue, composed of thin walled cells, through which the pollen tube moves.

(1)

Geitonogamy is the pollination taking place between the two flowers of the same plant or genetically similar plant. Hence, genetically it is self pollination but since the agency is involved, it is ecologically, cross pollination.

(3)

Pollen grains are believed to be rich in nutrients (protein 7-26%, carbohydrates 24-48%, fats 0.9-14.5%). They are taken as tablets or syrups to improve health. They also enhance performance of athletes and race horses.

(4)

In the ovule, the pollen tube is attracted by secretions of synergids. Usually the pollen tube enters the embryo sac by passing into one of the two synergids and is guided by the filiform apparatus of the synergids in their movement. Pollen tube then breaks open and releases its contents in the embryo sac. Antipodals and synergids later degenerate.

(2)

Both wind and water pollinated flowers are not very colourful and do not produce nectar, this is because they rely on wind and water to carry their pollen. Wind and water pollinated flower do not need to attract insect, so they did not evolve to produce bright coloured flower.

(3)

A typical Angiosperm embryo sac, at maturity is 7-celled and 8 nucleate.

Polar nuclei are situated below the egg apparatus in the large central cell.

Three cells are grouped together at micropylar end and constitute the egg apparatus.

Hence, A is true but R is false.

(3)

Cell of the tapetum possess dense cytoplasm and generally have more than one nucleus because the presence of more than one nucleus in the tapetal cells increases the efficiency of nourishing the develpoing pollen grains.

(3)

Development of a mature female gametophyte, i.e., embryo sac from a megaspore mother cell in an angiosperm plant requires 1 meiotic and 3 mitotic divisions.

(1)

(2)